The history of France during World War II is marked by a complex series of events, including the German invasion, the occupation of France, resistance movements, collaboration, and the eventual liberation. Here is a timeline highlighting key moments during this period:
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1939: Outbreak of World War II:
- World War II begins with the German invasion of Poland. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Germany.
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1940: German Invasion of France:
- In May 1940, German forces launch a rapid invasion of France. The Blitzkrieg tactics lead to the fall of France, and Paris is occupied by German forces on June 14, 1940.
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Vichy France (1940-1944):
- After the fall of France, a collaborationist government is established in the unoccupied zone under Marshal Philippe Pétain. The Vichy government collaborates with the Germans, implementing anti-Semitic laws and suppressing opposition.
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Resistance Movements:
- Despite the occupation, resistance movements emerge. The French Resistance engages in acts of sabotage, intelligence gathering, and support for Allied forces.
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Operation Torch (1942):
- Allied forces, including American and British troops, land in French North Africa. This marks the beginning of the Allied presence in French territories.
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Normandy Invasion (D-Day) - June 6, 1944:
- Allied forces launch a massive amphibious invasion on the beaches of Normandy, leading to the liberation of Western Europe. The Normandy Invasion is a turning point in the war.
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Liberation of Paris (August 25, 1944):
- Paris is liberated from German occupation by a combination of Free French forces and Allied troops. General Charles de Gaulle leads the French Provisional Government.
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Post-Liberation Period:
- The Provisional Government of the French Republic is established. Trials for collaborators take place, and the Vichy government officials are held accountable.
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Establishment of the Fourth Republic (1946):
- A new French constitution is adopted, leading to the establishment of the Fourth Republic. Political instability and challenges characterize this period.
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First Indochina War (1946-1954):
- France becomes involved in the First Indochina War as it seeks to maintain control over its colonial possessions in Southeast Asia.
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Foundation of the European Coal and Steel Community (1951):
- In the aftermath of World War II, France is a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the European Union.
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Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962):
- France faces the Algerian War of Independence as Algeria seeks independence from French rule. The conflict leads to significant political and social changes in France.
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Establishment of the Fifth Republic (1958):
- Charles de Gaulle returns to power and leads the establishment of the Fifth Republic, characterized by a strong executive presidency.
This timeline provides an overview of key events in France during World War II and its aftermath. It's important to note that the period was complex, with various political, social, and military dynamics shaping the history of the country.